Next Permutation From Pool - Facebook Top Interview Questions


Problem Statement :


You are given two strings digits and lower both representing decimal numbers. 

Given that you can rearrange digits in any order, return the smallest number that's larger than lower. You can assume there is a solution.

Constraints

1 ≤ n ≤ 100,000 where n is the length of digits

1 ≤ m ≤ 100,000 where m is the length of lower

Example 1

Input

digits = "852"

lower = "100"

Output

"258"

Example 2

Input

digits = "090"

lower = "0"

Output

"9"

Explanation

We can have "009".



Solution :



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                        Solution in C++ :

string solve(string digits, string lower) {
    lower = string(digits.size() - lower.size(), '0') + lower;
    int c[128] = {0};
    for (auto d : digits) ++c[d];
    int n = digits.size();
    string ret(n, '.');
    int m = 0;
    while (m < n && c[lower[m]] > 0) --c[lower[m]], ret[m] = lower[m], ++m;

    auto make = [&](int x) {
        if (x >= lower.size()) return false;
        for (int d = lower[x] + 1; d <= '9'; ++d)
            if (c[d] > 0) {
                ret[x++] = d;
                --c[d];
                for (char y = '0'; y <= '9'; ++y)
                    while (c[y]-- > 0) ret[x++] = y;
                return true;
            }
        return false;
    };

    while (m >= 0 && !make(m)) --m, ++c[lower[m]];
    int b = 0;
    while (b < ret.size() - 1 && ret[b] == '0') ++b;
    return ret.substr(b);
}
                    


                        Solution in Java :

import java.util.*;

class Solution {
    // remove prefix 0 of a string. "0005040" returns "5040"
    private String removePrefix0(String str) {
        for (int i = 0; i != str.length(); i++)
            if (str.charAt(i) != '0')
                return str.substring(i, str.length());
        return "0";
    }

    private int[] count(String str) {
        int[] res = new int[10];
        for (int i = 0; i != str.length(); i++) res[str.charAt(i) - '0']++;
        return res;
    }

    // given digit count, sum up the digits from 0 to 9
    private int sumOfDigit0to9(int[] count) {
        int sum = 0;
        for (int v : count) sum += v;
        return sum;
    }

    // given digit count, sum up the digits from 1 to 9
    private int sumOfDigit1to9(int[] count) {
        int sum = 0;
        for (int i = 1; i != 10; i++) sum += count[i];
        return sum;
    }

    // function to tell if we have any digit in our supply that larger than wanted digit
    private boolean hasLarge(int[] supply, int want) {
        for (int i = want + 1; i != 10; i++)
            if (supply[i] != 0)
                return true;
        return false;
    }

    // find the last position that we can beat the lower
    // aware of the non-zero digits that I must consume
    private int getLastBeat(int[] raw, String lower) {
        int[] supply = raw.clone();
        int last = -1;
        int solid = sumOfDigit1to9(supply);
        for (int i = 0; i != lower.length(); i++) {
            final int want = lower.charAt(i) - '0';

            // if at this time the rest of supplied digit can beat this digit of lower, record it
            if (hasLarge(supply, want))
                last = i;

            final boolean cansame;
            if (want == 0) // if want 0, but I have a lot of non-zero digits, we can't be the same
                cansame = (solid < lower.length() - i && supply[0] != 0);
            else // if not 0, simply find out if we can supply this digit
                cansame = supply[want] != 0;

            // try to be the same
            if (cansame == false)
                break;

            // otherwise, we can greedily be the same
            supply[want]--;
            if (want != 0)
                solid--;
        }
        return last;
    }

    private String getSolidString(int[] supply) {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        for (int i = 1; i != 10; i++)
            for (int c = supply[i]; c != 0; c--) sb.append(i);
        return sb.toString();
    }

    public String solve(String digits, String lower) {
        lower = removePrefix0(lower);
        {
            int[] countSupply = count(digits);
            int[] countDemand = count(lower);
            // nonzerosupplytotal > demandtotal
            if (sumOfDigit1to9(countSupply) > sumOfDigit0to9(countDemand)) {
                StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
                for (int i = 1; i != 10; i++)
                    for (int c = countSupply[i]; c != 0; c--) sb.append(i);
                return sb.toString();
            }
        }

        int[] supply = count(digits);
        final int last = getLastBeat(supply, lower);
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(digits.length());
        if (last == -1) { // get the least non-zero as the digit, then fill 0
            String solid = getSolidString(supply); // if digits == 5004, would get 45
            sb.append(solid.charAt(0)); // use the first digit
            for (int zeroes = lower.length() - (solid.length() - 1); zeroes != 0;
                 zeroes--) // fill 0
                sb.append(0);
            sb.append(solid.substring(1)); // use the rest digits
        } else {
            // otherwise, we have a position that we can beat lower

            // before that position, we try to maintain the same
            for (int i = 0; i != last; i++) {
                int dig = lower.charAt(i) - '0';
                sb.append(dig);
                supply[dig]--;
            }

            // at that position, find a remaining digit that we can beat the target digit
            for (int i = lower.charAt(last) - '0' + 1; i != 10; i++) {
                if (supply[i] != 0) {
                    sb.append(i);
                    supply[i]--;
                    break;
                }
            }

            // fill 0 if we have to
            for (int c = lower.length() - sb.length() - sumOfDigit1to9(supply); c != 0; c--)
                sb.append(0);

            // put in the rest digits in order
            for (int i = 1; i != 10; i++)
                for (int c = supply[i]; c != 0; c--) sb.append(i);
        }
        return sb.toString();
    }
}
                    


                        Solution in Python : 
                            
class Solution:
    def solve(self, digits, lower):
        added = len(digits) - len(lower)
        digitfreq = defaultdict(int)
        for x in digits:
            digitfreq[int(x)] += 1
        if added:
            lower = ("0" * added) + lower
        l = []
        assert self.dfs(l, digitfreq, lower, False)

        # handle leading zeroes
        l = l[::-1]
        while l and l[-1] == "0":
            l.pop()
        l = l[::-1]
        return "".join(l)

    def dfs(self, l, digitfreq, lower, is_bigger):
        if is_bigger:
            # our current number is definitely bigger, so just append the rest in sorted order
            for v in range(10):
                while digitfreq[v]:
                    digitfreq[v] -= 1
                    l.append(str(v))
            return True
        if len(l) == len(lower):
            # we actually exactly generated the desired number, which is unacceptable
            return False
        x = int(lower[len(l)])
        if digitfreq[x]:
            # try to append the next digit in `lower`
            l.append(str(x))
            digitfreq[x] -= 1
            if self.dfs(l, digitfreq, lower, False):
                return True
            digitfreq[x] += 1
            l.pop()
        x += 1
        # try to append a larger digit
        while x < 10:
            if digitfreq[x]:
                l.append(str(x))
                digitfreq[x] -= 1
                assert self.dfs(l, digitfreq, lower, True)
                return True
            x += 1
        return False
                    


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